Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a type of skin cancer that originates from the basal cells, which are found in the lower part of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. BCC is the most common form of skin cancer and is known for its slow growth and low likelihood of metastasizing to other parts of the body. It typically presents as a pearly or waxy bump, a flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion, or a sore that bleeds, oozes, or crusts and does not heal. It usually occurs in areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, and ears. The primary cause of basal cell carcinoma is prolonged and unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Other risk factors include a history of sunburns, use of tanning beds, having fair skin, and a family history of skin cancer. Individuals with weakened immune systems or those who have been exposed to certain chemicals or radiation are also at higher risk. Genetic mutations in the basal cells, often induced by UV radiation, lead to the uncontrolled growth of these cells, forming cancerous lesions.
Treatment for basal cell carcinoma typically involves surgical removal of the cancerous tissue. The most common surgical methods include Mohs micrographic surgery, which involves removing the cancerous cells layer by layer while preserving healthy tissue, and curettage and electrodessication, where the cancer is scraped off and the area is cauterized. For superficial BCCs, topical chemotherapy or immunotherapy creams may be used. Cryotherapy, which involves freezing the cancerous cells with liquid nitrogen, and laser therapy are other potential treatments. Radiation therapy may be considered for patients who are not surgical candidates or have BCC in areas difficult to treat surgically. Regular follow-up and monitoring are important to detect any recurrence or new lesions early.
